MICAH 5:2 Complete Jewish Bible

Micah 5:1... Complete Jewish Bible (CJB)

But you, Beit-Lechem near Efrat,so small among the clans of Y’hudah,out of you will come forth to me the future ruler of Isra’el,whose origins are far in the past, back in ancient times.

Neither is there SALVATION in any other; for there is NO OTHER NAME+ under Heaven given among men, whereby we must be saved.
Acts 4:12

That at the NAME of YESHUA+ every knee shall bow, of beings in Heaven, beings in earth, and beings under the earth; and that every tongue should proclaim that YESHUA+ MASHIYACH+ is LORD, to the Glory of ALAHA, His+ FATHER.
Philippians 2:10-11

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Showing posts with label CAL. Show all posts
Showing posts with label CAL. Show all posts

Saturday, January 28, 2023

A Greek Camel ? An Aramaic Rope ? The WORDS of YESHUA+ HA MASHIYACH+: Which Is BEST ?

RE-PRINT FROM FEBRUARY 10, 2013
Photo by 
www.travel-pictures-gallery.com



He that rejects ME+ 
and receives not My+ WORDS, 
hath ONE that judges him;
  
The WORD that I have spoken, 

the same 
shall judge him 
in the Last Day. 

For I+  have not spoken of Myself+; 
but The FATHER 
which sent ME+,

HE gave ME+ 
a commandment, 
what I+ should say, 
and what I+ should speak.
( Yochanan 12:48-49, words the same in all versions. ) 

 ~ ~ ~ A SERIOUS QUESTION ~ ~ ~ 

Why is the controversy over the true meaning of GaMLa of any importance ?

THIS IS WHY: Either the Greek translators changed the meaning of The Words of YESHUA+ HA MASHIYACH+... or the Aramaic translators changed them.  

Simply put:  one is wrong, one is right. 

Put another way: 

  • one will stand before the Judgment Seat of The MASHIYACH+ to give an awful accounting ; 
  • the other will hear the words, "Well Done, thou good and faithful Servant. Enter thou into the Joy of Thy LORD." 
BOTH, however, can not be right.

Photo by flickr.com

We know: ROPE is found for CAMEL in George Lamsa's Bible, Paul Younan's work on the New Covenant, and the current "Golden, Best, and Historic" version published by the Netzarim publishing house. 

We know :  The Aramaic lexicon written by Hassan Bar Bahlul in the 10th century states that some traditionally have translated a SHIP'S ROPE for GaMLa. [ See blog on Bar Bahlul.]

We know: BB cites Cyril of Alexandria,  a noted GREEK scholar and Patriarch of Alexandria , 412 - 444 AD, as identifying GaMLa as ROPE.  

We know: The ARMENIAN church followed some of the Greek, Cyril of Alexandria's teachings. ( See Wikipedia: " Armenian Apostolic Church." )

We know: From  Wikipedia " Eye of a Needle" 
5. ^ Manlio Simonetti - 2002 -"Cyril of Alexandria: By "camel" here he means not the living thing, the beast of burden, but the thick rope 33 to which ... "This interpretation — "rope" (kamilos)

and not "camel" (kamelos) — rests on the 

homonymic character of the two .."

( In other words, in Medieval Greek, the two Greek words were pronounced the same and thus, caused some confusion. This is also stated in numerous other places on the internet and by Dr. Robinson. See below. )

[ Please note:  The Greek CAMEL is written with a Greek vowel, ETA = a long "A" sound. Greek scholars like Dr. Robinson write the letters in English with a capital "H" for the ETA, / "Ate-aah" /... hence he would write "kamHLon" . 

In my earlier blog, I wrote "kam- A - lon" to indicate the pronunciation.  Some writers insert an English "e" , as did Simonetti, above, to indicate the CAMEL, as "Kam-e-lon".  

ROPE, you may recall, is spelled in Greek "Kam-i-Lon." ]

 We know : "Kam-i-Lon" ( Gk. ROPE) is never found in the Greek New Covenant. 

However,
"Kam-i-Lon"  for ROPE is seldom used even in other Greek  writings when concerning  ships' cables. Thus, that usage is rather a moot point ... EVEN IN THE GREEK WRITINGS THEMSELVES. 

It is found in two Greek writings OUTSIDE of the New Covenant. See BAGD, 2nd ed. , 1979, page 401, for "KamiLon" for those two references. Many other ancient references in the Greek literature OUTSIDE of the New Covenant are listed for "KamHLon." See BAGD entry directly above kamiLon.  

Rather,  "s X o i n i O n" is found for rope in John 2:15 ( a whip out of ropes = phragellion ek sXoiniOn )  and in Acts 27:32, where soldiers are cutting away the ropes which hold lifeboats, = ta sxoinia. 


Likewise, in the Peshitta texts: 

John 2:15 = phragela men CHaBLa is the whip out of ropes, and L-CHaBLe'H  is the  rope on the ship in Acts 27:32.   

We know :  Toma Audo, ( 1854-1918 ), an archbishop of the Chaldean Catholic Church, stated the ROPE definition, as does the German linguist who wrote in Latin, Carl Brockelmann ( 1868-1956).... [ according to the information from Mr. Steven Ring, noted Aramaic scholar, well-known on the Internet.]
Photo by pocketculture.com


We know:  Dr. Steve Kaufman who edits the Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon in Cincinnati's Hebrew Union College stated that  [ GaMLa for] ROPE was not found in the Aramaic literature or writing. 

He stated that the ONLY place it was found was in the "exegetical" work of some translators. 

Dr. Kaufman stated ( See his comments, verbatim, on the previous blog ) that 

" ... the exegetes derive it from the context.  It has nothing to do with Aramaic per se."

And: "What I am saying is that the word "camel" in that text was explained by some exegetes as referring to a thick rope used on boats.  Otherwise it is not found in any actual texts."

We know : Dr. Kaufman does NOT establish ROPE as a regular definition for GaMLa in  the Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon because GaMLa is never used as "rope" in any Aramaic writing.

[ Please note: the scholarly CAL editor(s) differentiate between 30 different dialects which are used in the writings classed as "Aramaic." ]   

We know : Even Dr. Kaufman's note about GaMLa being translated by some translators as ROPE was added to the CAL entry on GaMLa during the week of January 7, 2013 following my quest for scholarly information.... so the current volumes did not have this reference note from which to work when compiling their translations.
Photo by pocketculture.com

We Know: The information about an extra vowel in GaMLa .... making it to be pronounced as Gam-a-lah  in Aramaic is totally erroneous, according to Dr. Kaufman.  

We know : Unfortunately, that mis-information about "gamala" is printed in footnote 182, at Matthew 19:24 in the "G,B, and H" version of the Netzarim New Covenant. 

We Know: Dr. Maurice Robinson of the excellent Robinson-Pierpont's The New Testament in the Original Greek, Byzantine Textform, 2005, listed NO VARIANTS for those three verses where GaMLa is translated as ROPE instead of CAMEL. Nestle-Aland's 26th Greek edition listed only a very few, starting with the 9th century. Nestle-Aland's 27th Greek edition listed a few, also from the 9th or 10th century.   Here are Dr. Robinson's exact words:  


The data shown in NA27 are simple:

Mt 19:24, where KAMILON is read in only MSS 579 1424 pc arm

Mk 10:25, where KAMILON is read in only MSS f13 28 579 pc geo

Lk 18:25, where KAMILON is read in only MSS S f13 579vid 1424 al

1. First thing to notice is that, except for MS 579, *none* of the witnesses remain consistent for all three occurrences. [ Please note: ms 579 was from the 13th century. /SrJH]

2. The reason the R-P text doesn't mention KAMILON in place of KAMHLON is simple: the manuscript support is too slim to be of any consequence.

3. The *primary* issue is merely phonetic orthographic variation. In (at least) later medieval Greek H and I were pronounced identically. This phenomenon is replicated in the *other* instances where "camel" occurs, where no one is claiming * * * "rope" meaning; e.g., John the Baptist dressed in camel's hair:

Mt 3:4, where instead of KAMHLOU  [ camel] you have KAMILOU [rope ] in MSS 28 565 (and where MS D reads KAMHLLOU )

Mk 1:6, where instead of KAMHLOU [ camel ] you have KAMILOU  [ rope ] in MSS Gsup 2 28 (and where MS D along with Theta reads KAMELOU).

 And Mt 23:24, where it hardly matters whether a Pharisee is trying to swallow a camel or a rope (he simply can't do it); there KAMILON [ rope ] is read by MSS M Theta Pi* 579.

We know : These few with Kam-i-lon spellings in the Greek manuscripts came from the 9th, 10th, and 13th century. 

We know : At least one or two of these early manuscripts came from the ARMENIAN and the GEORGIAN early manuscripts. 

We know : George Lamsa was born in Armenia. 

We know: Cyril of Alexandria , a Greek Patriarch, was lauded by the church in Armenia. 

We know : Mr. Lamsa repudiated and taught against basic Christian doctrines, like the physical Resurrection of YESHUA+ HA MASHIYACH+ and a host of other doctrines central to Christianity. 



We know : The idea of a LARGE animal going through a small opening is an ORIENTALISM.  This quote was found on Wikipedia  
[ From Wikipedia's "Eye of a Needle " article, above]  and on several other sites on the Internet.  To wit: 


The Babylonian Talmud applies the aphorism to 
unthinkable thoughts. To explain that dreams 
reveal the thoughts of a man's heart, the product 
of reason rather than the absence of it, the rabbis 
say:
They do not show a man a palm tree of gold,

 nor an elephant going through the eye of a 

needle.[1]

References
1.                             ^ B.T. Berakhot 55b



photo by wysinfo.com

Changing the words of 
YESHUA+ HA MASHIYACH+ 
is serious  
because 
it makes a rich man 
able to enter 
the Kingdom of Heaven...
exactly the opposite teaching 
of YESHUA+ HA MASHIYACH+ !   



Photo by fasterthenrocket.com







Tuesday, October 23, 2018

NETZARIM / Hebrew Roots Author , Andrew Roth, MISSED the REAL "RENEWED" COVENANT . . . in his book, the Aramaic-English New Testament


 The AENT Missed the REAL RENEWED COVENANT in Scriptures !



There was indeed a RENEWED COVENANT between The ELOHIM and the people of GOD . . . but Andrew Roth's Aramaic-English NEW TESTAMENT (AENT) failed to identify it.

Thursday, June 12, 2014

The APOSTLE PAUL'S Words to the Galatians ... or ... Netzarim's Words ? Review of Galatians 1 verse 3, and alas, verse 4

SAINT PAUL
by Bartolomeo Montagna
Courtesy of
en.wikipedia.org


All Aramaic Text and translations for verses 3 and 4 in the text box are courtesy of Dukhrana.com, the free online SCHOLARLY lexicon ( and resource for other lexicons and helps ) available to all. 

The three English translations are from Etheridge in green type , Murdock in black, and Lamsa in purple. Latin is Vulgate, Clementine, and Greek text is the New Testament in the Original Greek: Byzantine Textform 2005 from Pierpont and Robinson. 

The topmost verse is from the  British and Foreign Bible Society's text; the unpointed text is from the Khabouris Peshitta Text, both published on Dukhrana. They are reproduced here for comparison's sake. 



ܛܰܝܒ݁ܽܘܬ݂ܳܐ ܥܰܡܟ݂ܽܘܢ ܘܰܫܠܳܡܳܐ ܡܶܢ ܐܰܠܳܗܳܐ ܐܰܒ݂ܳܐ ܘܡܶܢ ܡܳܪܰܢ ܝܶܫܽܘܥ ܡܫܺܝܚܳܐ ܀ (analyze)
Galatians 1:3 - ܛܝܒܘܬܐ ܥܡܟܘܢ ܘܫܠܡܐ ܡܢ ܐܠܗܐ ܐܒܐ ܘܡܢ ܡܪܢ ܝܫܘܥ ܡܫܝܚܐ ܀ (analyze)
Galatians 1:3 - Grace be with you and peace, from Aloha the Father, and from our Lord Jeshu Meshiha,
Galatians 1:3 - Grace be with you, and peace, from God the Father, and from our Lord Jesus the Messiah;
Galatians 1:3 - Grace be to you and peace from God the Father, and from our LORD Jesus Christ
Galatians 1:3 - Gratia vobis, et pax a Deo Patre, et Domino nostro Iesu Christo,
Galatians 1:3 - χαρις υμιν και ειρηνη απο θεου πατρος και κυριου ημων ιησου χριστου




The Netzarim publishing house version's rendition of verse 3 is accurate, although as is customarily done in this " golden, best, and historic" ( aka Amazon reviews) version,  " Y'SHUA the MASHIYACH "  is transliterated into English from HEBREW, not Aramaic. 

Liberties are also taken in the transliteration of GOD:  the Hebrew ELOHIM  is printed in the "English" translation instead of the Aramaic ALAHA, or ALOHA, as Dr. John Etheridge transliterates the Aramaic word for GOD.  

Notwithstanding that slightly odd practice of inserting a 3rd language into the translation between Aramaic and English, verse 3 is correct. 

Moving on now to Galatians 1, verse 4, which alas, has more confusion than clarity and worse errors than transliterating GOD and JESUS CHRIST from a 3rd language instead of the Aramaic text itself. 

So, printed here is the EXACT WORDING ,( including parantheses and words therein ) of Galatians 1, verse 4  in the English "translation" printed in the Netzarim publishing house's version of the New Covenant, mis-pg. edition, found on page 560 of that volume. 

Following it will be the Aramaic texts from Dukhrana.com, the classical English translations from Etheridge, Murdock, and Lamsa.  

WHO GAVE HIS NEFESH  ( SOUL, SELF)  SO OUR SINS THAT ARE DELIVERED FROM THIS WORLD (THAT IS ) EVIL, AS  (ACCORDING TO)  THE WILL OF ELOHIM OUR FATHER, 





Galatians 1:4 - ܗܰܘ ܕ݁ܝܰܗ݈ܒ݂ ܢܰܦ݂ܫܶܗ ܚܠܳܦ݂ ܚܛܳܗܰܝܢ ܕ݁ܰܢܦ݂ܰܨܶܝܢ ܡܶܢ ܥܳܠܡܳܐ ܗܳܢܳܐ ܒ݁ܺܝܫܳܐ ܐܰܝܟ݂ ܨܶܒ݂ܝܳܢܶܗ ܕ݁ܰܐܠܳܗܳܐ ܐܰܒ݂ܽܘܢ ܀ (analyze)
Galatians 1:4 - ܗܘ ܕܝܗܒ ܢܦܫܗ ܚܠܦ ܚܛܗܝܢ ܕܢܦܨܝܢ ܡܢ ܥܠܡܐ ܗܢܐ ܒܝܫܐ ܐܝܟ ܨܒܝܢܗ ܕܐܠܗܐ ܐܒܘܢ ܀ (analyze)
Galatians 1:4 - who gave himself for our sins to deliver us from this evil world, according to the will of Aloha our Father:
Galatians 1:4 - who gave himself for our sins, that he might deliver us from this evil world, agreeably to the pleasure of God our Father:
Galatians 1:4 - Who gave himself for our sins, that he might deliver us from this present evil world, according to the will of God our Father:
Galatians 1:4 - qui dedit semetipsum pro peccatis nostris, ut eriperet nos de præsenti sæculo nequam, secundum voluntatem Dei et Patris nostri,
Galatians 1:4 - του δοντος εαυτον περι των αμαρτιων ημων οπως εξεληται ημας εκ του ενεστωτος αιωνος πονηρου κατα το θελημα του θεου και πατρος ημων

A quick look at this verse will reveal several discrepancies in the translation. First of all , notice the little word   ܚܠܳܦ݂ , a particle in the Aramaic languate, highlighted in YELLOW. "Chlap", in the Aramaic, a word that means :  for or instead. 

William Jennings' Lexicon to the Syriac New Testament, page 76, lists the meanings and example verses to be :  for, in behalf of , instead of,   in the place of .  In Luke 19:44 = for, because.


Jesse Payne Smith, A Compendious Syriac Dictionary, pg. 144, lists meanings and states examples from verses and other writings in context:  for, instead, instead of , because, in the place of,  on account of. 

Dr. Kaufman at the Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon ( CAL ) analyses the uses of "CHLap" in several different Aramaic dialects. ( See the last two posts for a listing of the dialect codes used by CAL. ) 




Abbreviations Help
CAL CODE HELP

Click on a headword to see a complete lexicon entry in another window


xlp p01 = xlp p --> xwlp p
ḥwlp (ḥŭlap̄) prep. for, in exchange for

  1 in place of, instead of OA, OA-East, PTA, CPA, Syr, LJLA. --(a) in exchange for OfA-Egypt, PTA, Syr, LJLA. --(b) as replacement for OA-East, Syr. (b.1) as successor to a ruler OA, OfA-Egypt, Syr, JBA. (b.2) ܗܘ ܚܠܦ ܡܫܝܚܐ : the Antichrist Syr. --(c) concerning (??) OfA-Iran.
  2 w. d_ as conj. . --(a) because, since, on account of JLAtg, PTA, Syr, LJLA. (a.1) in return for ... PTA, LJLA. (a.2) instead of Syr. 1 חולף ארום : instead of, in return for PTA.



N.B.: The Aramaic dialects which directly affect the Aramaic New Covenant include a portion of those 30 dialects analyzed by CAL.  The Aramaic dialects we are interested in would include: 
SYR = Syriac;  CPA = Christian Palestinian Aramaic; COM  = Common Aramaic; and GAL = Galilean. In some instances, we might include PTA = Palestinian Targumic Aramaic. 


Looking carefully and thoroughly at ALL the Lexicons available, we see a MAJOR problem with translating this little preposition, for ( in exchange for ), as a conjunction ( so that ) and assigning it a meaning never intended by the writer. 


The translation issue is this:  "Chlap"  in the Aramaic language is NEVER FOUND IN ANY Aramaic DIALECT to mean     "so that. " 

The significance of the above grammatical statement means that "OUR SINS"  can only be used as the OBJECT of the preposition "for" ( in the English understanding of the passage.)   

THUS, "OUR SINS" cannot be used as a subject in this verse, which "supposedly" follows a conjunction ( "so that" --- which is not there, according to Lexicons ),  in order to start another clause ( in the English understanding of this passage),  as  the Netzarim version would have us to believe, in error.   

( I do thank you for bearing with me in this unfinished post; storms rolled in and we lost Internet connection as I typed.)


NEXT POST:  A look at the verb " DELIVER"  as used in Galatians 1:4 and mis-translated in the Netzarim version. 

Thursday, June 5, 2014

Galatians 1:2 --- Does "AND" = " TO " ? Does "TO" = "IN" ?


THE APOSTLE PAUL
Writer of the Letter to the Galatians
49 to 55 AD
Rembrandt ( 1606-1669)
Courtesy of  commons.wikimedia.org




Today, we will try to ascertain WHEN the Aramaic Text uses 3 simple words, which are prepositions or conjunctions, in the above Text of Galatians 1:2.  

Then, looking at that "golden, best, and historic" ( via Amazon Reviews) Netzarim New Covenant Aramaic-English translation, we will see HOW that highly-favored "G,B, and H" version has translated those 3 little words in quite a strange way --- similar to offering strange fire on the altar, perhaps ?  
   
The literal translation of those six words from the Aramaic Text of the Peshitta in Galatians 1:2 into standard English:

" And all the brothers who (are )* with me
to the congregations who are in Galatia "
*  are is "understood" in this grammatical usage

" And all =  ܘܟ݂ܽܠܗܽܘܢ 

the brothers  =  ܐܰܚܶܐ 

 who (are )* with me =  ܕ݁ܥܰܡܝ 

 to the congregations =  ܠܥܺܕ݂ܳܬ݂ܳܐ 

who are =  ܕ݁ܺܐܝܬ݂ 

in Galatia " = ܒ݁ܓ݂ܰܠܰܛܺܝܰܐ

In contrast, the Netzarim Publishing House's version,  Aramaic-English interlinear  printed on page 560, mis-pg. edition: 


"To all the brothers who with me are 
in the congregations that are in Galatia "

"To all = - ܘܟ݂ܽܠܗܽܘܢ
  
the brothers = ܐܰܚܶܐ 

who with me are = ܕ݁ܥܰܡܝ 

in the congregations = ܠܥܺܕ݂ܳܬ݂ܳܐ 

that are =  ܕ݁ܺܐܝܬ݂

in Galatia " = ܒ݁ܓ݂ܰܠܰܛܺܝܰܐ


The preposition "TO" is translated by the Netzarim version, in this verse from the little letter Vaw or Waw, ܘ affixed to the word "all" in the Aramaic text. 

This is NOT a common grammatical usage. Vaw is not used as "to" , according to several Aramaic lexicons.  Here is the explanation from one of them found on-line, the Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon ,  about ܘ.
   "AND"  from the Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon ~ ~ ~  ܘ 

w_   (wǝ_)   conj.  and, also   = ܘ
1  and, also  Com. (a) w. a preterite pre-formative verb:  when  OA. (b)  clause  Com. (c) weak adversative, but  Com. (d)  without a preliminary coordinated nominal: even, too  Syr. GregOr 41 20.1.8 ܡܥܕܥܝܕܼ ܘܝܗܘܕܝܐ܂ ܐܠܐܼ ܐܝܟ ܟܬܒܐ܂  the Jew celebrates too, but only according to the letter (of the law). JS_Elisha 119:213 ܪܚܡܬ ܟܣܦܐ ܕܒܙܒܢ ܚܢܩܐ ܘܠܩܕ̈ܫܐ  the love of money that sometimes strangles even saints


 And yet again, Courtesy of  CAL ~ ~ ~   ܠ
Here is the normal way to indicate "TO" or "towards", actually a preposition which is prefixed to words in Aramaic and Hebrew, also from CAL as well as other standard  lexicons. 

l_ prep. to, for Common, 
ܠ

 
1 : general relative (nominal) Com. --(a) non-animate genitive Com. --(b) of interest or disinterest Com. 
  
2 : general relative (verbal) Com. --(a) + inf. : purpose Com. --(b) + inf. : it is necessary to Syr. 
  
3 : dative Com. --(a) with transitive verbs Com. --(b) with intransitive verbs Com. --(c) ethical dative Com. 
  
4 : direction Com. --(a) addressee of letters Com. --(b) כל + direction name : in the direction of Qum. 
  
5 : possession Com. 
  
6 : marking the definite direct object Com. 
  
7 : subject of the passive in a perfective construction Com. 
  
8 + number : after X Syr. 
  
9 in fixed expressions . --(a) to give or take lˀntw. lˀnth : as wife Com.

Here is a word SOMETIMES-USED-as-"TO"  , actually a preposition which is prefixed to words in Aramaic and Hebrew, also from CAL as well as other standard  lexicons. 
 ܒ݁  
b_ p02  
ܒ݁

 
 1 in Com. --(a) a place Com. --(b) within a structure or other enclosing object Com. --(c) during a time period Com. 
  
2 with (instrumentative) Com. --(a) using, according to Com. (a.1) w. ymˀ, etc., : to swear by Com. 
  
3 among Com. --(a) adjective + b_ = superlative Com. --(b) with a number: multiplicative Syr. --(c) w. transitive verbs: to do some (damage, building, fixing, etc.) to something Qum, JLAtg, PTA, LJLA. 
  
4 at Com. --(a) a certain time Com. 
  
5 to, into Com. 
 
 6 with regard to (i.e., as a general adverbializing particle w. various verbs and nouns) . --(a) (w. to give:) for, in exchange for Com. --(b) specialized meanings with various verbs: see s.vv. šlṭ, ḥzy, ḥwy Com. --(c) idiomatic usages with various nouns: see s.vv. ryš, šm, . --(d) see also under various complete collocations as adverbs and preps, e.g. bˀnpy, byd p., etc. .


Now, to return to Galatians 1:2, we see the inaccuracies in the Netzarim translation of these little words, little preposition prefixes.  

Firstly, "to all the brothers"  is not written in the Aramaic text. Anyone checking any lexicon will find that VAW or waw,  ܘ , does not mean "to," not even sometimes, and there is not one citation listed from those 30 Aramaic dialects indicating that  VAW or waw is ever used as "to."

Secondly, "in the congregations" also does not exist in the Aramaic Text. The Text has the Lamed, or ܠ  , prefixed to the Aramaic word for congregations. Therefore, it should read "TO the congregations." Lamed does not equal "IN" , according to the Aramaic lexicons.

The little common prefix Beyt, or Bet,ܒ݁  which means "in" and is quite frequently used in both Aramaic and Hebrew Holy Scriptures, we see in this particular verse is ONLY  affixed to the last  word in the verse, Galatia, in the Aramaic Text.  


How do these errors
change the meaning of the verse ? 

The subtle nuance of the Netzarim version seems to be this: 

The Apostle Paul is writing TO the brothers who are standing with him in the congregations of Galatia. 

( one group )


The accurate communication  of Galatians 1:2 is this:

The Apostle Paul ( who was chosen by YESHUA+ HA MASHIYACH+ and The FATHER ) , plus the brethren with him, are sending greetings to the congregations in Galatia. 

( two separate groups).


The BIG QUESTION

The big question is WHY: Why are such rudimentary rules of grammar and translation side-stepped in this Netzarim version of the Holy Scriptures? 



Why 

would ANYONE who is a serious-minded Follower of YESHUA+ HA MASHIYACH+ , including those in the Netzarim camp,   tolerate this aberration ? 

If the Netzarim doctrines are valid, then changing the translation  only weakens the stand that "truth" can be found in the Netzarim camp. 

Does It Matter ?

Honesty always matters, as pertaining to the trust of the unsuspecting public readers of this "scholarly" volume. 

Accuracy always matters, as pertaining to the accountability before YESHUA+ HA MASHIYACH+  ( or  Y'shu+ Mashicha , Aramaic instead of Hebrew.)



Integrity always matters. 





TO THE READER: A NOTE ABOUT   CAL   ABBREVIATIONS: 
FYI , to help readers understand the above citations. 


The scholars who work on the Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon work with documents from ancient Aramaic dialects, spending hours delving into the 30 dialectical differences listed here. They are conscientious scholars who make note of the differences found for the edification of students and others scholars alike. 

Dr. Steve Kaufman said there were thousands of such ancient documents available. Here is a list of the 30 Aramaic dialects referenced above with the abbreviations such as SYR or COM , of note in the above citations. 

  
Dialect abbreviations:

BA-Da
Biblical Aramaic Daniel
BA-Ez
Biblical Aramaic Ezra
BA
Biblical Aramaic
CPA
Christian Palestinian Aramaic
Com
Common Aramaic
Gal
Galilean
Hat
Hatran (and Assur)
JBA
Jewish Babylonian
JBAg
Jewish Babylonian Gaonic period
JLAtg
Jewish Literary Aramaic, Targumic
Jud
Judean archival texts
LJLA
Late Jewish Literary Aramaic
Man
Mandaic
Nab
Nabataean
OA-East
Old Aramaic: Eastern
OA-Mesop
Old Aramaic of Mesopotamia
OA
Old Aramaic
OfA-Egypt
Official Aramaic, Egyptian
OfA-Iran
Official Aramaic, found in Iran and East
OfA-Mes
Official Aramaic, Mesopotamian
OfA-Pers
Official Aramaic Persian origin but from Egypt
OfA-Sam
Official Aramaic from Samaria
OfA-West
Official Aramaic from other Western sites
OfA
Official(i.e., Imperial) Aramaic
OfAGen
Official Aramaic in general
PTA
Palestinian Targumic Aramaic
Palm
Palmyrene
Qum
Qumran
Sam
Samaritan
Syr
Syriac