Galatians 1:4 - ܗܰܘ ܕ݁ܝܰܗ݈ܒ݂ ܢܰܦ݂ܫܶܗ ܚܠܳܦ݂ ܚܛܳܗܰܝܢ ܕ݁ܰܢܦ݂ܰܨܶܝܢ ܡܶܢ ܥܳܠܡܳܐ ܗܳܢܳܐ ܒ݁ܺܝܫܳܐ ܐܰܝܟ݂ ܨܶܒ݂ܝܳܢܶܗ ܕ݁ܰܐܠܳܗܳܐ ܐܰܒ݂ܽܘܢ ܀ (analyze) | |||||
| Galatians 1:4 - ܗܘ ܕܝܗܒ ܢܦܫܗ ܚܠܦ ܚܛܗܝܢ ܕܢܦܨܝܢ ܡܢ ܥܠܡܐ ܗܢܐ ܒܝܫܐ ܐܝܟ ܨܒܝܢܗ ܕܐܠܗܐ ܐܒܘܢ ܀ (analyze) | |||||
| Galatians 1:4 - who gave himself for our sins to deliver us from this evil world, according to the will of Aloha our Father: | |||||
| Galatians 1:4 - who gave himself for our sins, that he might deliver us from this evil world, agreeably to the pleasure of God our Father: | |||||
| Galatians 1:4 - Who gave himself for our sins, that he
might deliver us from this present evil world, according to the will of God our
Father:
[ All the verses above are courtesy of Dukhrana.com ].
or
Let’s Untangle the Verb “Deliver”
in Galatians 1:4
ACCORDING TO STANDARD
ARAMAIC or SYRIAC
GRAMMAR RULES
… this time !
Galatians 1:4 from the Netzarim publishing house’s version of the New Covenant, states:
“Who gave his nefesh ( soul,
self ) SO our sins
THAT ARE DELIVERED from world this evil ( that is ) as (according to )
the will of Elohim our father."
In the previous post, we discovered that the word ܚܠܳܦ݂ [chlap] translated as "SO" and meaning "so that" as a conjunction ( instead of it being a preposition) in the Netzarim’s verse above is a totally unique, unqualified, and
unsubstantiated usage of the Aramaic word CHLAP, according to the Aramaic
lexicons of Dukhrana, Jennings, Jesse Payne-Smith, and the Comprehensive
Aramaic Lexicon from The Hebrew Union College in Cincinnati, Ohio.
CHLAP is from the root
that means “to exchange” and thus, this prepositional particle derives its
meaning as “for, instead of, in the place of, on account of.”
When mis-used as SO, that one little word does a tremendous
dis-service towards the rest of the sentence,
functioning then erroneously as a conjunction [ “SO THAT” in meaning] ,
which sets the stage for the rest of the sentence to be mis-translated.
LET'S UNTANGLE THE GRAMMAR
... to see if it be SO !
In order to untangle the grammar, we will have to walk through the parsing of ܕ݁ܰܢܦ݂ܰܨܶܝܢ
D’aNP a tZ eYN ( transliterated ) ܕ݁ܰܢܦ݂ܰܨܶܝܢ is from the root, ܦܨܐ , which means to save, verb D ( PAEL designation ) from CAL; to set free , to
deliver from Ernest Klein’s ( Hebrew Etymology, pg. 519, which lists the
Aramaic and Syriac roots as well as Hebrew, plus the PIEL Hebrew corresponding
to the Aramaic PAEL. )
ܕ݁ܰܢܦ݂ܰܨܶܝܢ is parsed on Dukhrana as:
3rd person masculine
singular emphatic = HE
( the subject of the verb , in the active voice of PAEL
);
Suffix is 1st person
common plural = US
[ NOTE: This suffix on the verb, ܕ݁ܰܢܦ݂ܰܨܶܝܢ, "us", is nowhere to be found in the Netzarim publishing house's translation of this verse. WHY NOT ?]
The familiar conjunction “D” , a daleth, which has a variety of
meanings and uses, is prefixed to the verb.
Attached to the beginning of this
verb, “D” signifies the true conjunctive usage of THAT or SO THAT, which starts
a NEW CLAUSE with a NEW SUBJECT.
In other words, … “ our sins “ grammatically cannot be the subject of
“delivered.” “OUR SINS” must go with the previous clause because of
that daleth on the beginning of the verb , “deliver.”
ܕ݁ܰܢܦ݂ܰܨܶܝܢ = IMPERFECT PAEL verb
The PAEL stem indicates an ACTIVE VOICE with an
intensive force similar to the Hebrew Piel
( according to
accordancefiles2.com/…. Hebrew and aramaic verbs/ and other grammar resources.
)
Thus, the
verb “deliver” CANNOT be translated in
the PASSIVE VOICE, such as … “are delivered.”
( “Are delivered” by whom? The Passive voice verbs' subjects are NOT the ones doing the action. Thus, in a passive voice sentence like this one: "The papers are delivered every morning by Joe, the paper boy " the word "papers" is the grammatical subject but Joe is doing the action. In active voice sentences, Joe would be the subject: Joe delivers the papers every morning.)
The PAEL stem indicates active voice,
like the Hebrew Piel. The subject of the
ACTIVE VOICE PAEL verb is included in the verb form itself: 3rd
person masculine singular = HE. In this
case, the subject is HE+, in reference to YESHUA+ HA MASHIYACH+ in the clauses preceding this clause.
Now, to understand the nuances of the IMPERFECT:
In Aramaic we know the IMPERFECT is equivalent to an incompleted action ( i.e., imperfected action ) , and this verse's incompleted action is in a dependent clause starting with "D" and is pointing to the future. Imperfect can indicate MOODS of wishful thinking or desires or hope or possibility or conditionality. Using the IMPERFECT in Aramaic, then, may function similar to the Greek subjunctive or optative tenses or moods.
Oftentimes, this wishful thinking
is for something in the future, thus we awkwardly translate in English that Imperfect Tense from the Aramaic as
“might, may, could, should” or some other verb phrase added to the main verb in order to establish that it is
wishful thinking or a hopeful outcome.
That situation is EXACTLY WHAT WE
FIND in Galatians 1:4:
… “ that HE+ might deliver us “
English is much the more awkward than other languages because it takes several words added to the verb to convey this meaning accurately to the reader. This is the beauty of the Aramaic and Greek and other languages which have those subjunctive and optative meanings built into their verb tenses or verb forms with everyone understanding what those forms signify.
Now,
for An AUTHORITATIVE Voice
Let's review some Aramaic grammar rules from Theodor Noldeke’s Compendious Syriac Grammar, page 208.
Mr. Noldeke states this very
thing, page 208:
Section 266 : For
the simple statement of the momentary or the continuous Present the Imperfect
is not readily used: on the other hand it is common whenever any reference to
the future or the slightest modal* colouring appears… ( examples given ) *
i.e., moods like wishful thinking or possibility are expressed by the verb.
The Imperfect is precisely the proper form for a WISH, REQUEST, SUMMONS, OR COMMAND.
Section 267, same page: The
Imperfect is farther the tense of dependent, subordinate clauses pointing to the
future, even though the principal clause may lie in the past.
This is precisely the case in Galatians 1:4:
HE+
Who+ gave ( perfect PEAL, G verb)
or "has given",
an action HE+ completed at the Cross
for us miserable sinners, all
His+ SELF+
for our sins
so that
HE+ might deliver us [ Imperfect PAEL ]
Pointing towards the future,
if we hold steadfastly to the faith
once delivered to all the saints.
from this evil world
according to
the will
of ALAHA our FATHER.
Once again, Galatians
1:4 from the Netzarim publishing house’s version of the New Covenant, states:
“Who gave
his nefesh ( soul, self ) SO our sins THAT ARE
DELIVERED from world this evil ( that is ) as (according to ) the will of
Elohim our father."
or Theologically ?
( i.e., Does "our sins that are delivered" make any sense ? WE need to be delivered FROM our sins; our sins do not need the deliverance. )
PS... The additional parenthetical element ( that is ) is pulled from thin air. It is simply not in the text.
2 Corinthians 4:2 –
via Dr. James Murdock
But we have renounced
the concealments of dishonor,
and we
walk not in craftiness,
nor do we
treat the WORD of GOD deceitfully;
but by the
manifestation of the truth,
we exhibit ourselves
to all the consciences of men
before God.
|
Friday, June 13, 2014
DELIVER the Verb ... A Continuation of GALATIANS 1:4 --- OR --- Not Handling the Word of GOD Deceitfully
Thursday, June 12, 2014
The APOSTLE PAUL'S Words to the Galatians ... or ... Netzarim's Words ? Review of Galatians 1 verse 3, and alas, verse 4
 |
| SAINT PAUL by Bartolomeo Montagna Courtesy of en.wikipedia.org |
All Aramaic Text and translations for verses 3 and 4 in the text box are courtesy of Dukhrana.com, the free online SCHOLARLY lexicon ( and resource for other lexicons and helps ) available to all.
The three English translations are from Etheridge in green type , Murdock in black, and Lamsa in purple. Latin is Vulgate, Clementine, and Greek text is the New Testament in the Original Greek: Byzantine Textform 2005 from Pierpont and Robinson.
The topmost verse is from the British and Foreign Bible Society's text; the unpointed text is from the Khabouris Peshitta Text, both published on Dukhrana. They are reproduced here for comparison's sake.
Galatians 1:3 - Grace be with you and
peace, from Aloha the Father, and from our Lord Jeshu Meshiha,
|
Galatians 1:3 - Grace be with you, and
peace, from God the Father, and from our Lord Jesus the Messiah;
|
Galatians 1:3 - Grace be to you and peace
from God the Father, and from our LORD Jesus Christ
|
Galatians 1:3 -
Gratia vobis, et pax a Deo Patre, et Domino nostro Iesu Christo,
|
Galatians 1:3 - χαρις υμιν και ειρηνη απο θεου
πατρος και κυριου ημων ιησου χριστου
|
The Netzarim publishing house version's rendition of verse 3 is accurate, although as is customarily done in this " golden, best, and historic" ( aka Amazon reviews) version, " Y'SHUA the MASHIYACH " is transliterated into English from HEBREW, not Aramaic.
Liberties are also taken in the transliteration of GOD: the Hebrew ELOHIM is printed in the "English" translation instead of the Aramaic ALAHA, or ALOHA, as Dr. John Etheridge transliterates the Aramaic word for GOD.
Notwithstanding that slightly odd practice of inserting a 3rd language into the translation between Aramaic and English, verse 3 is correct.
Moving on now to Galatians 1, verse 4, which alas, has more confusion than clarity and worse errors than transliterating GOD and JESUS CHRIST from a 3rd language instead of the Aramaic text itself.
So, printed here is the EXACT WORDING ,( including parantheses and words therein ) of Galatians 1, verse 4 in the English "translation" printed in the Netzarim publishing house's version of the New Covenant, mis-pg. edition, found on page 560 of that volume.
Following it will be the Aramaic texts from Dukhrana.com, the classical English translations from Etheridge, Murdock, and Lamsa.
WHO GAVE HIS NEFESH ( SOUL, SELF) SO OUR SINS THAT ARE DELIVERED FROM THIS WORLD (THAT IS ) EVIL, AS (ACCORDING TO) THE WILL OF ELOHIM OUR FATHER,
|
A quick look at this verse will reveal several discrepancies in the translation. First of all , notice the little word ܚܠܳܦ݂ , a particle in the Aramaic languate, highlighted in YELLOW. "Chlap", in the Aramaic, a word that means : for or instead.
William Jennings' Lexicon to the Syriac New Testament, page 76, lists the meanings and example verses to be : for, in behalf of , instead of, in the place of . In Luke 19:44 = for, because.
Jesse Payne Smith, A Compendious Syriac Dictionary, pg. 144, lists meanings and states examples from verses and other writings in context: for, instead, instead of , because, in the place of, on account of.
Dr. Kaufman at the Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon ( CAL ) analyses the uses of "CHLap" in several different Aramaic dialects. ( See the last two posts for a listing of the dialect codes used by CAL. )
| Abbreviations Help |  |
CAL CODE HELP |
Click on a headword to see a complete lexicon entry in another window
xlp p01 = xlp p --> xwlp p
| ḥwlp (ḥŭlap̄)
|
1 in place of, instead of
2 w. d_ as conj. . --(a) because, since, on account of
N.B.: The Aramaic dialects which directly affect the Aramaic New Covenant include a portion of those 30 dialects analyzed by CAL. The Aramaic dialects we are interested in would include:
SYR = Syriac; CPA = Christian Palestinian Aramaic; COM = Common Aramaic; and GAL = Galilean. In some instances, we might include PTA = Palestinian Targumic Aramaic.
Looking carefully and thoroughly at ALL the Lexicons available, we see a MAJOR problem with translating this little preposition, for ( in exchange for ), as a conjunction ( so that ) and assigning it a meaning never intended by the writer.
The translation issue is this: "Chlap" in the Aramaic language is NEVER FOUND IN ANY Aramaic DIALECT to mean "so that. "
The significance of the above grammatical statement means that "OUR SINS" can only be used as the OBJECT of the preposition "for" ( in the English understanding of the passage.)
THUS, "OUR SINS" cannot be used as a subject in this verse, which "supposedly" follows a conjunction ( "so that" --- which is not there, according to Lexicons ), in order to start another clause ( in the English understanding of this passage), as the Netzarim version would have us to believe, in error.
The significance of the above grammatical statement means that "OUR SINS" can only be used as the OBJECT of the preposition "for" ( in the English understanding of the passage.)
THUS, "OUR SINS" cannot be used as a subject in this verse, which "supposedly" follows a conjunction ( "so that" --- which is not there, according to Lexicons ), in order to start another clause ( in the English understanding of this passage), as the Netzarim version would have us to believe, in error.
( I do thank you for bearing with me in this unfinished post; storms rolled in and we lost Internet connection as I typed.)
NEXT POST: A look at the verb " DELIVER" as used in Galatians 1:4 and mis-translated in the Netzarim version.
Thursday, June 5, 2014
Galatians 1:2 --- Does "AND" = " TO " ? Does "TO" = "IN" ?
 |
| THE APOSTLE PAUL Writer of the Letter to the Galatians 49 to 55 AD Rembrandt ( 1606-1669) Courtesy of commons.wikimedia.org |
Today, we will try to ascertain WHEN the Aramaic Text uses 3 simple words, which are prepositions or conjunctions, in the above Text of Galatians 1:2.
Then, looking at that "golden, best, and historic" ( via Amazon Reviews) Netzarim New Covenant Aramaic-English translation, we will see HOW that highly-favored "G,B, and H" version has translated those 3 little words in quite a strange way --- similar to offering strange fire on the altar, perhaps ?
The literal translation of those six words from the Aramaic Text
of the Peshitta in Galatians 1:2 into standard English:
" And all the brothers who (are )* with me
to the congregations who are in Galatia "
* are is "understood" in this grammatical usage
In contrast, the Netzarim Publishing House's version, Aramaic-English interlinear printed on page 560, mis-pg. edition:
"To all the brothers who with me are
in the congregations that are in Galatia "
the brothers = ܐܰܚܶܐ
who with me are = ܕ݁ܥܰܡܝ
in the congregations = ܠܥܺܕ݂ܳܬ݂ܳܐ
that are = ܕ݁ܺܐܝܬ݂
in Galatia " = ܒ݁ܓ݂ܰܠܰܛܺܝܰܐ
The
preposition "TO" is translated by the Netzarim version, in this verse from the little
letter Vaw or Waw, ܘ affixed
to the word "all" in the Aramaic text.
This is NOT a common grammatical usage. Vaw is not used as "to" , according to several Aramaic lexicons. Here is the explanation from one of them found on-line, the Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon , about ܘ.
This is NOT a common grammatical usage. Vaw is not used as "to" , according to several Aramaic lexicons. Here is the explanation from one of them found on-line, the Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon , about ܘ.
"AND" from the Comprehensive Aramaic
Lexicon ~ ~ ~ ܘ
| w_ (wǝ_) conj. and, also = ܘ 1 and, also Com. (a) w. a preterite pre-formative verb: when OA. (b) clause Com. (c) weak adversative, but Com. (d) without a preliminary coordinated nominal: even, too Syr. GregOr 41 20.1.8 ܡܥܕܥܝܕܼ ܘܝܗܘܕܝܐ܂ ܐܠܐܼ ܐܝܟ ܟܬܒܐ܂ the Jew celebrates too, but only according to the letter (of the law). JS_Elisha 119:213 ܪܚܡܬ ܟܣܦܐ ܕܒܙܒܢ ܚܢܩܐ ܘܠܩܕ̈ܫܐ the love of money that sometimes strangles even saints |
And yet again, Courtesy of CAL ~ ~ ~
ܠ
Here is the normal way to indicate "TO" or "towards", actually a preposition which is prefixed to words in Aramaic and Hebrew, also from CAL as well as other standard lexicons.
ܠ
|
1 : general relative
(nominal) Com. --(a) non-animate
genitive Com. --(b) of interest or
disinterest Com.
2 : general relative (verbal) Com. --(a) + inf. : purpose Com. --(b) + inf. : it is necessary to Syr.
3 : dative Com. --(a) with transitive verbs Com. --(b) with intransitive verbs Com. --(c) ethical dative Com.
4 : direction Com. --(a) addressee of letters Com. --(b) כל + direction name : in the direction of Qum.
5 : possession Com.
6 : marking the definite direct object Com.
7 : subject of the passive in a perfective construction Com.
8 + number : after X Syr.
9 in fixed expressions . --(a) to give or take lˀntw. lˀnth : as wife Com.
2 : general relative (verbal) Com. --(a) + inf. : purpose Com. --(b) + inf. : it is necessary to Syr.
3 : dative Com. --(a) with transitive verbs Com. --(b) with intransitive verbs Com. --(c) ethical dative Com.
4 : direction Com. --(a) addressee of letters Com. --(b) כל + direction name : in the direction of Qum.
5 : possession Com.
6 : marking the definite direct object Com.
7 : subject of the passive in a perfective construction Com.
8 + number : after X Syr.
9 in fixed expressions . --(a) to give or take lˀntw. lˀnth : as wife Com.
Here is a word SOMETIMES-USED-as-"TO" , actually a preposition which is prefixed to words in Aramaic and Hebrew, also from CAL as well as other standard lexicons.
ܒ݁
b_
p02
ܒ݁
|
1 in Com. --(a) a place Com. --(b) within a structure or other enclosing object Com. --(c) during a time period Com.
2 with (instrumentative) Com. --(a) using, according to Com. (a.1) w. ymˀ, etc., : to swear by Com.
3 among Com. --(a) adjective + b_ = superlative Com. --(b) with a number: multiplicative Syr. --(c) w. transitive verbs: to do some (damage, building, fixing, etc.) to something Qum, JLAtg, PTA, LJLA.
4 at Com. --(a) a certain time Com.
5 to, into Com.
6 with regard to (i.e., as a general adverbializing particle w. various verbs and nouns) . --(a) (w. to give:) for, in exchange for Com. --(b) specialized meanings with various verbs: see s.vv. šlṭ, ḥzy, ḥwy Com. --(c) idiomatic usages with various nouns: see s.vv. ryš, šm, . --(d) see also under various complete collocations as adverbs and preps, e.g. bˀnpy, byd p., etc. .
Now, to return to Galatians 1:2, we see the inaccuracies in the Netzarim translation of these little words, little preposition prefixes.
Firstly, "to all the brothers" is not written in the Aramaic text. Anyone checking any lexicon will find that VAW or waw, ܘ , does not mean "to," not even sometimes, and there is not one citation listed from those 30 Aramaic dialects indicating that VAW or waw is ever used as "to."
Secondly, "in the congregations" also does not exist in the Aramaic Text. The Text has the Lamed, or ܠ , prefixed to the Aramaic word for congregations. Therefore, it should read "TO the congregations." Lamed does not equal "IN" , according to the Aramaic lexicons.
The little common prefix Beyt, or Bet,ܒ݁ which means "in" and is quite frequently used in both Aramaic and Hebrew Holy Scriptures, we see in this particular verse is ONLY affixed to the last word in the verse, Galatia, in the Aramaic Text.
The little common prefix Beyt, or Bet,ܒ݁ which means "in" and is quite frequently used in both Aramaic and Hebrew Holy Scriptures, we see in this particular verse is ONLY affixed to the last word in the verse, Galatia, in the Aramaic Text.
How do these errors
change the meaning of the verse ?
The subtle nuance of the Netzarim version seems to be this:
The Apostle Paul is writing TO the brothers who are standing with him in the congregations of Galatia.
( one group )
The accurate communication of Galatians 1:2 is this:
The Apostle Paul ( who was chosen by YESHUA+ HA MASHIYACH+ and The FATHER ) , plus the brethren with him, are sending greetings to the congregations in Galatia.
( two separate groups).
The BIG QUESTION
The big question is WHY: Why are such rudimentary rules of grammar and translation side-stepped in this Netzarim version of the Holy Scriptures?
Why
would ANYONE who is a serious-minded Follower of YESHUA+ HA MASHIYACH+ , including those in the Netzarim camp, tolerate this aberration ?
If the Netzarim doctrines are valid, then changing the translation only weakens the stand that "truth" can be found in the Netzarim camp.
Does It Matter ?
Accuracy always matters, as pertaining to the accountability before YESHUA+ HA MASHIYACH+ ( or Y'shu+ Mashicha , Aramaic instead of Hebrew.)
Integrity always matters.
TO THE READER: A NOTE ABOUT CAL ABBREVIATIONS:
FYI , to help readers understand the above citations.
The scholars who work on the Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon work with documents from ancient Aramaic dialects, spending hours delving into the 30 dialectical differences listed here. They are conscientious scholars who make note of the differences found for the edification of students and others scholars alike.
Dr. Steve Kaufman said there were thousands of such ancient documents available. Here is a list of the 30 Aramaic dialects referenced above with the abbreviations such as SYR or COM , of note in the above citations.
Dr. Steve Kaufman said there were thousands of such ancient documents available. Here is a list of the 30 Aramaic dialects referenced above with the abbreviations such as SYR or COM , of note in the above citations.
Dialect
abbreviations:
BA-Da
|
Biblical
Aramaic Daniel
|
BA-Ez
|
Biblical
Aramaic Ezra
|
BA
|
Biblical
Aramaic
|
CPA
|
Christian
Palestinian Aramaic
|
Com
|
Common
Aramaic
|
Gal
|
Galilean
|
Hat
|
Hatran (and
Assur)
|
JBA
|
Jewish
Babylonian
|
JBAg
|
Jewish
Babylonian Gaonic period
|
JLAtg
|
Jewish
Literary Aramaic, Targumic
|
Jud
|
Judean
archival texts
|
LJLA
|
Late Jewish
Literary Aramaic
|
Man
|
Mandaic
|
Nab
|
Nabataean
|
OA-East
|
Old Aramaic:
Eastern
|
OA-Mesop
|
Old Aramaic
of Mesopotamia
|
OA
|
Old Aramaic
|
OfA-Egypt
|
Official Aramaic,
Egyptian
|
OfA-Iran
|
Official
Aramaic, found in Iran and East
|
OfA-Mes
|
Official
Aramaic, Mesopotamian
|
OfA-Pers
|
Official
Aramaic Persian origin but from Egypt
|
OfA-Sam
|
Official
Aramaic from Samaria
|
OfA-West
|
Official
Aramaic from other Western sites
|
OfA
|
Official(i.e.,
Imperial) Aramaic
|
OfAGen
|
Official
Aramaic in general
|
PTA
|
Palestinian
Targumic Aramaic
|
Palm
|
Palmyrene
|
Qum
|
Qumran
|
Sam
|
Samaritan
|
Syr
|
Syriac
|
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